Content

 

Introductory

Debian 11 (Bullseye) was released on August 2021, 14, and it still contains a number of new features. In this article we will look at what these new things are, as you know more about the latest release of Debian.

This description can also be considered as a kind of milestone, from now on we are actively working on the Debian 11 (Bullseye) version, so we will make different (LAMP and perfect) servers with this release of Debian as well.

 

 

Life cycle

A Debian Security Teamand a Debian Long Term SupportThanks to, Debian 11 (Bullseye) will continue to receive support for 5 years from its release. About the lifecycles of Debian releases here you can find out.

 

architectures

Officially supported architectures for Debian 11 (Bullseye):

• 32-bit PC (i386)
• 64-bit PC (amd64)
• 64-bit arm (arm64)
• ARM EABI
• ARMv7 (EABI hard-float HELP, armhf)
• little-endian MIPS (mipsel)
• 64-bit little-endian MIPS (mips64el)
• 64 bit little-endian PowerPC (ppc64el)
• IBM System z (s390x)

 

Setup

There have been a lot of improvements in the Debian Installer that have resulted in improved hardware support and other new features.

The installation image files can be downloaded in the usual way using bittorrent (the recommended method), jigdo or HTTP; see for more information On the Debian CD section. The bullseye will soon be available on physical DVDs, CD-ROMs and Blu-ray discs from a number of manufacturers.

Live installation image

Debian 11 (Bullseye) is also available With live image files, so if you want to try it out without installing it, you can use these images to see how your system works without having to install anything.

These Live image files are designed for amd64 and i386 architectures and are available for DVDs, USB drives and netboot settings. The user can choose from a variety of desktop environments: GNOME, KDE Plasma, LXDE, LXQt, MATE and Xfce. Debian Live bullseye has a standard Live image file, so you can try a base system without a Debian graphical user interface.

If you liked the system when you tried Live, you have the option of installing the full operating system from the Live image on your computer, which you can use with standard Debian installers (text or graphics mode) or even independent debut in Debian 10. Squid can also be done with an installer.

Troubleshooting

In some cases, display (video card) problems may still occur during a successful installation when we restart the installed system; it is in these cases some solutionswhich can help you sign in. There is a isenkram-based procedure also, which allows users to automatically detect and repair missing firmware on their system. Of course, the pros and cons of using the tool need to be considered, as it is very likely that non-free packages will need to be installed.

In addition, the non-free installation image files that include firmware packages, so they can anticipate the need for firmware in the installed system (e.g., AMD or Nvidia graphics card firmware, or next-generation Intel audio hardware).

Cloud based use

For cloud-based users, Debian offers direct support for many of the best-known cloud platforms. Official Debian image files can be easily selected in any image market. A Debian pre-made OpenStack images also publishes for amd64 and arm64 architectures that can be downloaded and used in local cloud settings.

 

 

basic System

Some things have also changed in the Debian 11 base system, let's see what they are.

Kernel

Debian 11 uses version 4.19 instead of the 5.1 kernel in the previous release. This version includes a few new features compared to the previous one, including better hardware support for processors and graphics processors, and Bullseye is the first release of Debian that provides a kernel that supports the exFAT filesystem and uses it to mount exFAT filesystems by default. Consequently, it is no longer necessary to use the file system support provided through the exfat-fuse package, but exfatprogs The tools in this package can be used to manage exFAT file systems at the kernel level.

For a detailed list of kernel changes, see the links below.

Bash

A Bash has also been updated, instead of the previous 10 in Debian 5.0, the Bash version 11 is already running in Debian 5.1. You can find out more about the changes at the links below:

software Packages

With a wide range of packages and support for the traditional broad architecture, Debian remains true to its "Universal Operating System" mission. Suitable for a wide range of applications: from desktop systems to netbooks; from development servers to cluster systems; and database, web, and storage servers. However, additional quality assurance efforts, such as automatic installation and upgrade tests of all packages in the Debian archive, ensure that Bullseye meets users' high expectations for a stable release of Debian.

Statistics package

This release contains more than 11 new packages, for a total of 294 packages. A significant amount of packages have been removed, a total of more than 59, which have been declared obsolete. 551 packages were updated and 9519 packages remained unchanged.

Here are some examples of upgraded packages

Debian 11 (Bullseye) includes a number of updated software packages (more than 72% of all packages in the previous version), some examples are:

Package	Version of Debian 10 (Buster)	Version in Debian 11 (Bullseye)
Apache	2.4.38	2.4.48
apt	1.8.2 (amd64)	2.2.4 (amd64)
aptitude	0.8.11	0.8.13
Bash	5.0	5.1
BIND DNS server	9.11	9.16
Calligra	3.1	3.2
cryptsetup	2.1	2.3
Dovecot	2.3.4	2.3.13
Emacs	26.1	27.1
exim4	4.92	4.94
GNU compiler collection (gcc)	7.4 and 8.3	10.2
GIMP	2.10.8	2.10.22
GnuPG	2.2	2.2.20
Inkscape	0.92.4	1.0.2
GNU C library (libc)	2.28	2.31
LibreOffice	6.1.5	7
lighttpd	1.4.45	1.4.53
Linux kernel image	4.19.x	5.1.x
LLVM	6.0.1 and 7.0.1 (default)	11.0
Mailman	2.1.23 (backports: 3.2.0)	3.2.1
MariaDB	10.3	10.5
Nginx	1.14	1.18
nodeJS	10.24	12.22
OpenSSH	7.9p1	8.4p1
Perl	5.28	5.32
PHP	7.3	7.4
phpMyAdmin	- (only available in backports)	5.0.4
Postfix	3.4	3.5
PostgreSQL	11	13
Python 3	3.7.3	3.9.1
Rustc	1.34	1.48
Samba	4.9	4.13
Vim	8.1	8.2

Debian Med packages

Debian continues to place a strong emphasis on supporting the sciences, which is why the Debian Med team has added a number of new packages and updates to medical software. Debian's efforts to do this are ongoing, so these programs may continue to enjoy developer support in the future.

The Debian Med team was involved in the fight against COVID-19 by packaging software for sequence-level research of the virus and for fighting the epidemic with tools used in epidemiology; this work continues to focus on machine learning tools in both areas. The work of the team with quality assurance and continuous integration is critical to the consistent reproducible results required in the sciences. Debian Med Blend has a number of performance-critical applications, which are now a SIMD Everywhere enjoy the benefits. 

Installing packages maintained by the Debian Med team requires the installation of meta packages beginning with "med-", which are available in Bullseye release version 3.6.x.

A complete list of Debian Med projects here.

Obsolete packages

In addition to debuting many new packages, Debian Buster also removes a number of old packages from its repository that were available in the previous Buster distribution. General updates are no longer provided for these packages. Obsolete packages can still be used, but security updates will also be discontinued one year after the release of Debian Bullseye, so developers recommend that these packages be replaced with appropriate new alternatives during this time.

There may be several reasons why packages are removed from the distribution: they are no longer maintained; there is no longer a Debian developer interested in maintaining specific packages; the functionality provided by the package has been replaced by another / newer package; or are no longer considered suitable for Bullseye due to defects in them. In the latter case, the packages may still be present in the "unstable" version of Debian.

Some luggage frontend it makes it easy to find packages that are no longer available in any known repository. The aptitude for example, the text-mode package management frontend lists them in the "obsolete or locally installed" packages category, or they can be listed from the command line as follows:

aptitude search '~o'

Alternatively, you can delete these packages with the following command:

aptitude purge '~o'

However, before deleting, you need to make sure that each package is not in use, or if it is in use, that there is an alternative package instead, and so on.

 

 

Security

Debian 11 also looked to increase security, for example:

Password management

Password hacking for local Linux user accounts is now performed by default using the yescrypt method instead of the SHA-512 previously used.

 

Server services

Debian 11 (Bullseye) has also changed with the components needed to run the server, so it's a good idea to say a few sentences about them, mainly because we're dealing with most of these components here.

Apache

Version 2.4.48 of Apache was added to Bullseye instead of the previous version 10 in the Debian 2.4.38 (Buster) release, so there were changes and bug fixes between the two versions. Among them, it is still worth highlighting HTTP / 2 error corrections made around the protocol, which eliminated many security holes. Detailed version history of Apache 2.4 read here.

PHP

The PHP version has also moved a subversion up. Instead of the previous version 7.3, the Debian 11 Bullseye package includes 7.4, in which many improvements have also been made. The full list of this can be found here.

It is also worth noting that those who need PHP versions earlier than 7.4 for compatibility reasons can also install Debian 11, as they will you can easily install any PHP version (This description was written in Debian 9, but will work with newer Debian releases).

phpMyAdmin

The good news about the phpMyAdmin web database manager is now that the Debian 11 repository again includes phpMyAdmin version 5.0.4, which in the previous release of Debian was only available in the backports repository, or you had to manually download and install the source package (details). So Debian 11 Bullseye again includes this essential software for webmasters. PhpMyAdmin change information we can follow here.

MariaDB

The earlier version of Debian had a server version of MariaDB 10.3, and Bullseye had a version of 10.5. Changes have also been made to the database server, in detail read here.

 

Other operational changes

Logging

By default, systemd in Bullseye activates standard logging features that allow users - who do not rely on special features - to remove traditional logging daemons and switch to systemd logging only.

Manage printers

Most modern printers can print and scan without a driver, without the need for manufacturer-specific (often not free) drivers. Bullseye introduces a new package, that is ipp-usb, which uses the manufacturer’s neutral IPP-over-USB protocol, which is supported by many modern printers. This allows you to treat the USB device as a network device. The official SANE driverless backend is provided by sane-escl in libsane1, which uses the eSCL protocol.

Language management

Debian is now available in 76 languages, most of which are available in text and graphical user interfaces.

Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and many other languages ​​now have a new Fcitx 5 input method, the successor to the popular Fcitx4 from Buster; this new version is much better Wayland has addon support.

 

Asztalkörnyezetek

Debian 11 ships with the following desktops:

• Gnome 3.38
• KDE Plasma 5.20
• LXDE 11
• LXQt 0.16
• MATE 1.24
• Xfce 4.16

Of course, other desktop environments can be installed, these are just the desktop environments that are part of the official package.

 

Upgrading Debian

Updates from the previous release, Debian 10 (Buster), are handled automatically by the APT package management tool in most configurations.

For bullseye, the security device is called bullseye-security, and users must modify their APT source list accordingly. If the APT configuration is pinning or APT::Default-Releasealso contains, it will probably require modification. More details here.

If you are performing a remote update, consider "There are no new SSH connections during the upgrade"participate in the update!

As always, Debian systems can be upgraded painlessly, in place, without forced downtime, but it is strongly recommended that you read the release notes, the installation guide for possible problems, and the detailed installation and upgrade instructions.

 

 

Conclusion

Debian has also brought many new things to Bullseye, making it even more stable, secure, and efficient. As my time allows, I will make more descriptions with Debian 11 so that we can learn more about it.